{"id":71511,"date":"2017-11-07T15:51:46","date_gmt":"2017-11-07T15:51:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/humanitasnet-new.local\/malattie\/hiponatremija\/"},"modified":"2025-01-13T02:59:15","modified_gmt":"2025-01-13T02:59:15","slug":"hiponatremija","status":"publish","type":"disease","link":"https:\/\/humanitas-net.humweb.webiz.team\/sr\/diseases\/hiponatremija\/","title":{"rendered":"Hiponatremija"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hiponatremija je stanje koje nastaje kao posledica sni\u017eenog nivoa natrijuma u krvi. Natrijum predstavlja vrstu elektrolita \u010dija je funkcija regulisanje koli\u010dine vode koja se nalazi izme\u0111u \u0107elija, kao i u samim \u0107elijama.<\/p>\n

Do niskog nivoa natrijuma u krvi mogu dovesti razna zdravstvena stanja, oboljenja kao i situacije. Naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e je to simptom nekog oboljenja koje razre\u0111uje natrijum ili konzumiranja previ\u0161e vode za vreme fizi\u010dke aktivnosti. Preteranim konzumiranjem vode dolazi do rastvaranja natrijuma \u0161to izaziva oticanje \u0107elija. Oticanje i uve\u0107anje \u0107elija mogu izazvati mno\u0161tvo drugih zdravstevnih problema.<\/p>\n

Hiponatremija se ne mo\u017ee izle\u010diti direktno, ve\u0107 se le\u010denje svodi na regulisanje ili otklanjanje bolesti koja ju je izazvala. Na koji na\u010din \u0107e se le\u010diti ovo stanje zavisi od njenog uzroka, kao i celokupnog zdravstvenog stanja pacijenta. Uglavnom se le\u010di smanjenim unosom vode ili infuzije, a mogu se prepisati i odgovaraju\u0107i lekovi.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Simptomi<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Simptomi kojima se manifestuje hiponatremija su:<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Glavobolja<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Konfuzija<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mu\u010dnina i povra\u0107anje<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Umor i gubitak energije<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Preterana razdra\u017eljivost, nervoza i anksioznost<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Slabost u mi\u0161i\u0107ima<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gr\u010devi ili spazmi u mi\u0161i\u0107ima<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Napadi<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Koma<\/p>\n

<\/h2>\n

Uzroci<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Natrijum je elektrolit koji je neophodan za odr\u017eavanje normalnog funkcionisanja organizma. Natrijum reguli\u0161e koli\u010dinu i raspored te\u010dnosti u telu, odr\u017eava normalan krvni pritisak i omogu\u0107ava normalno funkcionisanje nerava i mi\u0161i\u0107a. Smanjena koli\u010dina natrijuma u krvi dovodi do nastajanja hiponatremije, koja mo\u017ee izazvati razne zdravstevene komplikacije.<\/p>\n

Neki od mogu\u0107ih uzroka smanjene koli\u010dine natrijuma u krvi su:<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Odre\u0111eni lekovi \u2013 diuretici, antidepresanti i lekovi protiv bolova \u010desto kao nuspojavu imaju u\u010destalo mokrenje i preterano znojenje, \u0161to mo\u017ee dovesti do dehidracije<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0160varc-Barterov sindrom \u2013 naziva se i Sindrom neodgovaraju\u0107eg izlu\u010divanja antidiuretskog hormona (skra\u0107eno SIADH<\/em>), i predstavlja bolest do koje dolazi preteranim lu\u010denjem vazopresina u zadnjem delu hipofize. Preterana koli\u010dina antidiuretskih hormona dovodi do zadr\u017eavanja vode u organizmu i razre\u0111ivanja natrijuma u krvi<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bolesti srca, bubrega i jetre \u2013 kongestivna oboljenja ovih organa mogu dovesti do preteranog zadr\u017eavanja te\u010dnosti u organizmu<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hroni\u010dno intenzivno povra\u0107anje i proliv \u2013 dovode do gubitka te\u010dnosti i elektrolita<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dehidracija \u2013 nedovoljan unos te\u010dnosti dovodi go gubljenja elektrolita<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Uno\u0161enje previ\u0161e te\u010dnosti \u2013 uno\u0161enje previ\u0161e te\u010dnosti za vreme fizi\u010dke aktivnost razre\u0111uje natrijum u krvi<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hormonske promene \u2013 oboljenja poput insufijencije nadbubre\u017ene \u017elezde onemogu\u0107avaju normalnu proizvodnju hormona neophodnih za regulisanje elektrolita. Nizak nivo hormona \u0161titne \u017elezde tako\u0111e dovode su nedostatka natrijuma<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Amfetamini \u2013 ilegalne droge poput ekstazija mogu izazvati intenzivnu hiponatremiju koja mo\u017ee imati smrtan ishod<\/p>\n

<\/h2>\n

Faktori rizika<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Faktori koji pove\u0107avaju rizik od hiponatremije su:<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Starost \u2013 stariji ljudi su podlo\u017eniji ovom oboljenju<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Uzimanje odre\u0111enih lekova \u2013 diuretika, antidepresanata i lekova protiv bolova<\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bolesti koje dovode do zadr\u017eavanja vode u organizmu \u2013 bolesti bubrega, zatajenje srca, \u0160varc-Barterov sindrom<\/p>\n

<\/h2>\n

Komplikacije<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Kod hroni\u010dne hiponatremije, nivo kalcijuma postepeno opada u periodu od nekoliko dana i nema ozbiljnijih simptoma ni komplikacija.<\/p>\n

Kod akutne hiponatremije nivo kalcijuma opada naglo, \u0161to mo\u017ee izazvati ubrzano oticanje mozga koje mo\u017ee dovesti do kome, pa \u010dak i smrti.<\/p>\n

Kod \u017eena u predmenopauzalnom stanju, hiponatremija mo\u017ee izazvati o\u0161te\u0107enja na mozgu.<\/p>\n

<\/h2>\n

Prevencija<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Hiponatremija se mo\u017ee spre\u010diti umerenim unosom vode i sportskih pi\u0107a za vreme fizi\u010dkih aktivnosti, kao i uzimanjem odgovaraju\u0107e terapije za oboljenja koja mogu izazvati hiponatremiju.<\/p>\n

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