{"id":71337,"date":"2017-11-08T19:50:49","date_gmt":"2017-11-08T19:50:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/humanitasnet-new.local\/malattie\/pneumonija\/"},"modified":"2025-01-13T02:56:40","modified_gmt":"2025-01-13T02:56:40","slug":"pneumonija","status":"publish","type":"disease","link":"https:\/\/humanitas-net.humweb.webiz.team\/sr\/diseases\/pneumonija\/","title":{"rendered":"Pneumonija"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pneumonija, koju karakteri\u0161e zapaljenje tkiva jednog ili oba plu\u0107na krila, \u00a0jeste infekcija koja dovodi do zapaljenja plu\u0107nih alveola u jednom ili oba plu\u0107na krila. U takvim slu\u010dajevima, grupe si\u0107u\u0161nih plu\u0107nih alveola na kraju disajnih puteva postaju zapaljene i pune se te\u010dno\u0161\u0107u. Ovo stanje izaziva produktivni ka\u0161alj pra\u0107en groznicom, drhtavicom i pote\u0161ko\u0107ama u disanju. <\/span><\/p>\n

Po stepenu ozbiljnosti pneumonija mo\u017ee da varira od umerene do one koja ugro\u017eava \u017eivot. \u00a0Najozbiljnija je ukoliko se javi kod beba i male dece, osoba starijih od 65 godina, kako i kod osoba sa ve\u0107 postoje\u0107im hroni\u010dnim zdravtsvenim problemima ili sa oslabljenim imunitetom. <\/span>Antibioticima i antivirusnim lekovima mogu da se le\u010de mnogi uobi\u010dajeni oblici pneumonije.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Simptomi<\/span><\/h2>\n

Zavisno od faktora koji su doveli do nastanka upale plu\u0107a, starosne dobi i sveukupnog zdravstvenog stanja pacijenta, simptomi zapalenja plu\u0107a mogu da variraju od umerenih do te\u0161kih. <\/span>Umereni sumptomi su oni koji su sli\u010dni simptomima prehlade ili gripa, ali traju ne\u0161to du\u017ee. U odre\u0111enim slu\u010dajevima novoro\u0111en\u010dad i mala deca mogu da nemaju nikakve znakove infekcije. Ili pak mogu da povra\u0107aju, da imaju groznicu i ka\u0161alj, da su bezvoljna, umorna i bez energije. S druge strane, stariji ljudi koji imaju zapaljenje plu\u0107a mogu naprasno da imaju iznenadne promene u svesti. Naj\u010de\u0161\u0107i simptomi su slede\u0107i:<\/span><\/p>\n

Ka\u0161alj koji mo\u017ee biti produktivan uz izbacivanje gustog sekreta <\/span><\/p>\n

Groznica, znojenje, drhtavica <\/span><\/p>\n

Te\u0161ko\u0107e u disanju<\/span><\/p>\n

Telesna temperature ni\u017ea od normalne<\/span><\/p>\n

Bolovi u grudima<\/span><\/p>\n

Umor i bolovi u mi\u0161i\u0107ima<\/span><\/p>\n

Mu\u010dnina, povra\u0107anje ili dijareja<\/span><\/p>\n

Glavobolje<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Uzroci<\/span><\/h2>\n

Pneumonija mo\u017ee biti prouzrokovana razli\u010ditim tipovima mikroorganizama, me\u0111u kojima su bakterije, virusi i gljivice. Naj\u010de\u0161\u0107i uzrok pneumonije je pneumokokna infekcija izazvana bakterijom Streptococcus pneumoniae. Naj\u010de\u0161\u0107i uzro\u010dnici upale plu\u0107a, bakterije i virusi, nalaze se u vazduhu koji udi\u0161emo. Na\u0161e telo obi\u010dno spre\u010dava te mikroorganizme da dovedu do infekcije plu\u0107a. Me\u0111utim, ponekad, iako je na\u0161e generalno stanje organizma dobro, mikroorganizmi mogu da savladaju na\u0161 imuni sistem, \u0161to za posledicu ima nastanak pneumonije. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Komplikacije<\/span><\/h2>\n

Neki pacijenti, posedno oni iz visoko-rizi\u010dnih grupa, mogu da imaju izvesne komplikacije poput: <\/span><\/p>\n

Bakterije u krvotoku koja mo\u017ee da prenese infekciju na druge organe, uz mogu\u0107i rizik od naru\u0161avanja funkcije tog organa. <\/span><\/p>\n

Plu\u0107ni apsces, koji se javalja ukoliko se u \u0161upljinama plu\u0107a javi gnoj. <\/span><\/p>\n

Nagomilavanje te\u010dnosti oko plu\u0107a. Ukoliko te\u010dnost postane inficirana, pacijent bi morao da se podvrgne drena\u017ei plu\u0107ne maramice ili da mu se hirur\u0161kim putem odstrani ta te\u010dnost. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ote\u017eano disanje i nedostatak kiseonika. U takvim slu\u010dajevima, pacijent bi morao da bude hospitalizovan uz kori\u0161\u0107enje mehani\u010dkog respiratora dok se plu\u0107a ne oporave. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Faktori rizika<\/span><\/h2>\n

Pneumonija mo\u017ee da se javi kod bilo koga. Me\u0111utim, dve grupe sa najve\u0107im rizikom su lica starija od 65 godina i novoro\u0111en\u010dad i deca mla\u0111a od 2 godine. <\/span>Kod ove poslednje grupe, imuni sistem pacijenata se jo\u0161 uvek razvija. <\/span>U ostale faktore rzika spadaju slede\u0107i: <\/span><\/p>\n

Izvesne hroni\u010dne bolesti, poput astme, hroni\u010dne opstruktivne bolesti plu\u0107a i sr\u010dana oboljenja;<\/span><\/p>\n

Oslabljeni ili suzbijeni imuni sistem, usled faktora poput HIV\/SIDA, transplantacije organa, hemoterapije;<\/span><\/p>\n

Pu\u0161enje; i<\/span><\/p>\n

Priklju\u010denje na respirator tokom bolni\u010dkog le\u010denja. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Prevencija<\/span><\/h2>\n

Osobe koje su izlo\u017eene riziku trebalo bi da se vakcini\u0161u protiv sezonskog gripa, pneumonije, da izbegavaju pu\u0161enje i preterani unos alkohola, da se odmaraju i da odr\u017eavaju formu. \u00a0Osim toga, osoba mo\u017ee da pomogne u spre\u010davanju pneumonije pravilnim odr\u017eavanjem higijene i vo\u0111enjem zdravog na\u010dina \u017eivota. Stoga, osobe bi trebalo da prilikom ka\u0161ljanja ili kijanja pokriju usta maramicom kako bi se mikroorganizmi na njoj zadr\u017eali, moraju redovno prati ruke kako bi se izbegavalo preno\u0161enje bacila na druge ljude i predmete. <\/span><\/p>\n

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