{"id":81208,"date":"2018-05-16T10:55:34","date_gmt":"2018-05-16T10:55:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/humanitasnet-new.local\/enciclopedia\/sistem-endocrin\/"},"modified":"2018-05-16T10:55:34","modified_gmt":"2018-05-16T10:55:34","slug":"sistem-endocrin","status":"publish","type":"enciclopedia","link":"https:\/\/humanitas-net.humweb.webiz.team\/ro\/wiki\/sistem-endocrin\/","title":{"rendered":"Sistem endocrin"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ce este sistemul endocrin?<\/h2>\n

Sistemul endocrin cuprinde toate glandele endocrine prezente \u00een corpul uman. Aceste glande, de\u0219i nu au continuitate fizic\u0103 \u0219i topografic\u0103, reprezint\u0103 un sistem unitar care este integrat \u00eentr-un mod armonic din interdependen\u021ba mutual\u0103 \u0219i prezen\u021ba axei hipotalamice – pituitare, care asigur\u0103 echilibrul \u00eentregului sistem.<\/p>\n

Glandele endocrine realizeaz\u0103 chimicale numite hormoni (hormoni endocrini sau incretini) care trec prin circula\u021bia s\u00e2ngelui. Ace\u0219tia au func\u021bii aferente men\u021binerii homeostazei organismului, c\u00e2t \u0219i pentru furnizarea echilibrului func\u021biilor corpului (\u00een ciuda schimb\u0103rilor externe de mediu) \u0219i caracteristicile fizicochimice ale mediului intern.<\/p>\n

Glandele principale care compun sistemul endocrin includ glanda pituitar\u0103, pancreasul, gland timus, glanda tiroid\u0103, glandele suprarenale \u0219i paratiroide.<\/p>\n

Glanda pituitar\u0103<\/h2>\n

Glanda pituitar\u0103 este o gland\u0103 endocrin\u0103 localizat\u0103 \u00een craniu, mai precis, \u00eentr-o cavitate a osului a osului sfenoid al corpului cunoscut ca \u201dsella turcica\u201d. De\u0219i, este mic\u0103, c\u00e2nt\u0103rind mai pu\u021bin de jum\u0103tate de gram, este cea mai important\u0103 gland\u0103 endocrin\u0103 din corpul uman. De fapt, hormonii secreta\u021bi din aceasta stimuleaz\u0103 activitatea altor glande endocrine (cum ar fi glandele suprarenale \u0219i tiroide), care sunt esen\u021biale pentru efectuarea mai multor activit\u0103\u021bi ale corpului.<\/p>\n

Pancreas<\/h2>\n

Pancreasul este o gland\u0103 care ia forma unui con alungit \u0219i este parte din sistemul digestiv. Este implicat \u00een secre\u021bia endocrin\u0103 (un proces care necesit\u0103 secre\u021bia produselor, hormonilor, direct \u00een circula\u021bia s\u00e2ngelui), c\u00e2t \u0219i secre\u021bia exocrin\u0103 (un proces \u00een care produsele sunt plasate \u00eentr-o cavitate natural\u0103 \u00een corp sau eliberate \u00een exterior). Pozi\u021bionat aproape orizontal, pancreasul este localizat \u00een partea superioar\u0103 a abdomenului \u0219i transversal \u00een spatele stomacului, la nivelul primelor dou\u0103 vertebre lombare.<\/p>\n

Secre\u021bia exocrin\u0103, esen\u021bial\u0103 pentru procesul digestiv al alimentelor consumate, este efectuat\u0103 prin structuri mici cunoscute ca acini glandulari, care sunt secreta\u021bi \u00een intestin \u0219i se scurg prin canalul Wirsung. Produsul final din secre\u021bia exocrin\u0103 este sucul pancreatic, care este un lichid format dintr-un set de enzime (lipaz\u0103, amilaz\u0103, etc.) esen\u021biale pentru digestie.<\/p>\n

Secre\u021bia endocrin\u0103 este efectuat\u0103 de celule endocrine grupate \u00een insuli\u021be Langerhans. Celulele endocrine sunt \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bite \u00een celule alfa, celule beta \u0219i celule delta. Celulele alfa sunt implicate \u00een secretarea glucagonului (hormon hiperglicemic); celulele beta sunt implicate \u00een secretarea insulinei (hormon hipoglicemic); \u0219i, \u00een final, celulele delta sunt implicate \u00een secretarea hormonului somatostatin, prin care activitatea celulelor alfa \u0219i beta pot fi monitorizate.<\/p>\n

Glanda timus<\/h2>\n

Timusul este o gland\u0103 localizat\u0103 \u00een piept, \u00een fa\u021ba trahei. Func\u021bia principal\u0103 este de a asigura maturarea celulelor T, care sunt un tip de globule albe care joac\u0103 un rol cheie \u00een sistemul imunitar. Timusul se dezvolt\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 atinge cu cap\u0103tul superior tiroida \u0219i cu cap\u0103tul inferior cartilajul coastei IV.<\/p>\n

Glanda tiroid\u0103<\/h2>\n

Tiroida, cunoscut\u0103 \u0219i ca \u201dglanda tiroid\u0103\u201d, este plasat\u0103 l\u00e2ng\u0103 grani\u021ba dintre laringe \u0219i trahee, la baza por\u021biunii anterioare a g\u00e2tului. Sub controlul constant al glandei pituitare, func\u021bia principal\u0103 a tiroidei este de a produce \u0219i secreta hormoni tiroidieni, care sunt necesari pentru cre\u0219terea \u0219i dezvoltarea organismului.<\/p>\n

Glandele paratiroidei<\/h2>\n

Glandele paratiroidei asigura produc\u021bia \u0219i secre\u021bia endocrin\u0103 a hormonului paratiroidian (sau para-hormonului), un hormon esen\u021bial \u00een reglarea metabolismului mineralelor (\u00een special calciu \u0219i fosfor) \u00een organism. Localizate \u00een spatele glandei tiroidiene, exist\u0103 \u00een general patru glande paratiroidiene (sau dou\u0103 perechi de glande paratiroidiene), totu\u0219i, exist\u0103 cinci sau \u0219ase. Numele reflect\u0103 rela\u021bia apropiat\u0103 cu glanda tiroid\u0103.<\/p>\n

Glandele suprarenale<\/h2>\n

Glandele suprarenale sunt dou\u0103 glande mici, c\u00e2te una localizat\u0103 \u00een fiecare cap\u0103t superior al rinichiului. C\u00e2nt\u0103resc aproximativ 5 grame fiecare \u0219i au o culoarea g\u0103lbui maronie. Func\u021bia este de a secreta hormoni (aldosteron, cortizon \u0219i cortizol) responsabili pentru efectuarea func\u021biilor fiziologice.<\/p>\n

Ce func\u021bie are sistemul endocrin?<\/h2>\n

Func\u021bionalitatea sistemului endocrin, a c\u0103rui opera\u021bie \u0219i echilibru sunt garantate de interdependen\u021ba func\u021bional\u0103 a diferitelor glande \u0219i prezen\u021ba axei hipotalamice-pituitare, este de a asigura alimentarea hormonilor \u00een toate cantit\u0103\u021bile corecte ale corpului omului, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t poate efectua toate procesele fiziologice necesare.<\/p>\n

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