{"id":81191,"date":"2018-05-16T10:33:00","date_gmt":"2018-05-16T10:33:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/humanitasnet-new.local\/enciclopedia\/sistemul-respirator\/"},"modified":"2018-05-16T10:33:00","modified_gmt":"2018-05-16T10:33:00","slug":"sistemul-respirator","status":"publish","type":"enciclopedia","link":"https:\/\/humanitas-net.humweb.webiz.team\/ro\/wiki\/sistemul-respirator\/","title":{"rendered":"Sistemul respirator"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sistemul respirator este un set de organe \u0219i structuri, care permit schimbul de gaze \u00eentre mediul \u00eenconjur\u0103tor (oxigenul \u00eenc\u0103rcat) \u0219i corpul uman (al c\u0103rui s\u00e2nge este \u00eenc\u0103rcat cu dioxid de carbon). Prin urmare, func\u021bionarea sistemului respirator este str\u00e2ns legat\u0103 de func\u021bionarea sistemului circulator.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ce este sistemul respirator?<\/h2>\n

Organele care formeaz\u0103 sistemul respirator permit schimbul de gaze dintre mediul extern \u0219i organism. Sistemul respirator este format din nas, faringe, laringe, trahee, pl\u0103m\u00e2ni, pleur\u0103, bronhii \u0219i bronhiole.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Nasul<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

Nasul se afl\u0103 \u00een centrul fe\u021bei, \u00een pozi\u021bia de mijloc \u0219i formeaz\u0103 prima parte a tractului respirator. Implicat \u00een respira\u021bie \u0219i \u00een sim\u021bul olfactiv, nasul este format din os \u0219i cartilagiu, care formeaz\u0103 structura exterioar\u0103, \u0219i care se iese \u00een afar\u0103 \u00een raport cu planul fe\u021bei. \u00cen interior, se afl\u0103 fronturile cavit\u0103\u021bii nazale, alc\u0103tuite din dou\u0103 canale lungi \u0219i \u0219erpuite, acoperite cu mucoas\u0103, care se deschid spre exteriorul corpului, \u00een n\u0103ri.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Faringele<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

Faringele este un canal, care conecteaz\u0103 g\u00e2tul cu esofagul. Compus din mucoase musculare, acesta reprezint\u0103 prima sec\u021biune de trecere c\u0103tre tractul digestiv – prime\u0219te de alimentele mestecate din gur\u0103, prin \u00eenghi\u021bire – \u0219i este parte a c\u0103ilor aeriene superioare: aerul din nas intr\u0103 \u00een faringe \u0219i apoi se deplaseaz\u0103 \u00een laringe.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Laringele<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

Laringele se prezint\u0103 ca un cilindru gol. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 faptul c\u0103 este organul responsabil pentru excelen\u021ba \u00een vorbire, el permite trecerea aerului inhalat (de la nas \u0219i gur\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la bronhii) \u0219i expirat (de la tuburile bron\u0219ice p\u00e2n\u0103 la nas \u0219i gur\u0103). Acesta este prev\u0103zut cu un dispozitiv de \u00eenchidere, care \u00eempiedic\u0103 intrarea m\u00e2nc\u0103rii mestecate (bolus) care vine din gur\u0103 \u00een timpul \u00eenghi\u021birii.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Traheea<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

Traheea conecteaz\u0103 laringele cu por\u021biunea de \u00eenceput a bronhiilor, unde se \u00eemparte \u00een dou\u0103, la cea de-a cincea vertebr\u0103 toracic\u0103, c\u0103tre arborii bronhici din st\u00e2nga \u0219i din dreapta.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Bronhiile<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

Bronhiile au o form\u0103 cilindric\u0103 \u0219i se situeaz\u0103 \u00eentre bifurca\u021bia traheei \u0219i bronhiole. Misiunea lor este s\u0103 permit\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 asigure trecerea aerului din trahee la bronhiole \u0219i alveolele pulmonare. \u00cen corpul uman, exist\u0103 dou\u0103 bronhii principale: bronhia dreapt\u0103 \u0219i bronhia st\u00e2ng\u0103.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Bronhiolele<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

Bronhiolele reprezint\u0103 micile ramuri terminale ale bronhiilor din interiorul pl\u0103m\u00e2nilor, caracterizate printr-un diametru mai mic de un milimetru; acestea se extind mai departe c\u0103tre alveolele pulmonare care, la r\u00e2ndul lor, se separ\u0103 \u00een saci alveolari (sau infundiba) – structuri mici, celulare, \u00een form\u0103 de sac, aranjate \u00eentr-un grup care reprezint\u0103 partea terminal\u0103 a c\u0103ilor respiratorii. Prin pere\u021bii sacilor alveolari se efectueaz\u0103 procesul de schimbare a gazelor. Pere\u021bii bronhiolelor sunt forma\u021bi din celule epiteliale cubice (caracterizate prin prezen\u021ba mu\u0219chiului neted \u0219i a \u021besutului conjunctiv elastic).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Pl\u0103m\u00e2nii<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

Pl\u0103m\u00e2nii sunt cele dou\u0103 organe implicate \u00een aprovizionarea cu oxigen a organismului \u0219i eliminarea dioxidului de carbon din s\u00e2nge, precum \u0219i de schimbul de gaze \u00eentre mediul \u00eenconjur\u0103tor \u0219i s\u00e2nge (un proces cunoscut sub numele de schimb de gaze). Situa\u021bi \u00een cavitatea toracic\u0103, pl\u0103m\u00e2nii sunt \u00eenconjura\u021bi de o membran\u0103 seroas\u0103, pleura, care este esen\u021bial\u0103 pentru \u00eendeplinirea func\u021biilor lor.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Cei doi pl\u0103m\u00e2nii sunt separa\u021bi de un spa\u021biu \u00eentre coloana vertebral\u0103 \u0219i stern, mediastinul, care include \u0219i inima, esofagul, traheea, bronhiile, glanda timus \u0219i vasele mari. Fiecare dintre cei doi pl\u0103m\u00e2ni au \u00een partea superioar\u0103 un v\u00e2rf, care se extinde \u00een sus p\u00e2n\u0103 la baza g\u00e2tului, \u0219i care se sprijin\u0103 pe mu\u0219chiul diafragmatic \u00een partea inferioar\u0103. Principala lor sarcin\u0103 este s\u0103 primeasc\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103tura de dioxid de carbon din s\u00e2nge \u0219i de\u0219eurile din fluxul sanguin \u0219i s\u0103 \u00eel cure\u021be: odat\u0103 cur\u0103\u021bat, s\u00e2ngele este apoi trimis la inim\u0103, de unde este transmis la toate organele \u0219i \u021besuturile. Pl\u0103m\u00e2nii au un grad ridicat de elasticitate, care permite expulzarea aerului \u00een timpul expir\u0103rii. Ca \u0219i \u00een cazul rinichilor, doar un singur pl\u0103m\u00e2n este suficient pentru a asigura func\u021bionarea \u00eentregului proces de respira\u021bie.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Pleura<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

Pleura este membrana seroas\u0103, care acoper\u0103 pl\u0103m\u00e2nii. Ea este compus\u0103 din dou\u0103 straturi, numite straturi pleurale: stratul pleural parietal (numit \u0219i “pleur\u0103 parietal\u0103”) este situat \u00een partea exterioar\u0103 a pl\u0103m\u00e2nilor \u0219i \u00eei separ\u0103 de peretele toracic, iar stratul pleural visceral (numit \u0219i “pleura visceral\u0103”), ader\u0103 la suprafa\u021ba interioar\u0103 a pl\u0103m\u00e2nului. Sarcina pleurei este de a le permite pl\u0103m\u00e2nilor s\u0103 alunece pe pere\u021bii cavit\u0103\u021bii pulmonare (spa\u021biul toracelui, \u00een interiorul c\u0103ruia sunt localiza\u021bi) \u0219i s\u0103 permit\u0103 expansiunea lor \u00een timpul inhal\u0103rii.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Care este rolul sistemul respirator?<\/h2>\n

Func\u021bia sistemului respirator este de a permite schimbul de gaze, adic\u0103 procesul care face posibil\u0103 alimentarea cu oxigen a tuturor organelor \u0219i \u021besuturilor, prin oxigenarea s\u00e2ngelui.<\/p>\n

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